A miniature device senses the forces generated by flowing bacteria and hear the beating of heart muscle cells developed by Engineers at the University of California San Diego
The device is a Nano-sized optical fiber that’s about 100 times thinner than a human hair. It can detect forces down to 160 femtonewtons about ten trillion times smaller than a newton when placed in a solution containing live Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which are swimming bacteria found in the gut. In cultures of beating heart muscle cells from mice, the Nano fiber can detect sounds down to -30 decibels a level that’s one thousand times below the limit of the human ear. Some applications include detecting the presence and activity of a single bacterium and monitoring bonds forming and breaking sensing changes in a cell’s mechanical behavior that might signal it becoming cancerous or being attacked by a virus or a mini stethoscope to monitor cellular relative sounds in the living bodies.
The optical fiber developed is at least 10 times more sensitive than the atomic force microscope (AFM), an instrument that can measure infinitesimally small forces generated by interacting molecules.
The device is made from an extremely thin fiber of tin dioxide, coated with a thin layer of a polymer, called polyethylene glycol, and studded with gold nanoparticles. To use the device, researchers dip the Nano optical fiber into a solution of cells, send a beam of light down the fiber and analyze the light signals it sends out. These signals, based on their intensity, indicate how much force or sound the fiber is picking up from the surrounding cells.
The device starts functioning when as light travels down the optical fiber, it interacts strongly with the gold nanoparticles, which then scatter the light as signals that can be seen with a conventional microscope. These light signals show up at a particular intensity. But that intensity changes when the fiber is placed in a solution containing live cells. Forces and sound waves from the cells hit the gold nano particles, pushing them into the polymer layer that separates them from the fiber’s surface. Pushing the nanoparticles closer to the fiber allows them to interact more strongly with the light coming down the fiber, thus increasing the intensity of the light signals. Researchers calibrated the device so they could match the signal intensities to different levels of force or sound. The key to making this work is the fiber’s polymer layer. It acts like a spring mattress that’s sensitive enough to be compressed to different thicknesses by the faint forces and sound waves produced by the cells. And the polymer layer can be tuned if researchers want to measure larger forces, they can use a stiffer polymer coating for increased sensitivity, they can use a softer polymer like a hydrogel.
Moving forward, researchers plan to use the Nano fibers to measure bio-activity and the mechanical behavior of single cells. Future works also includes improving the fibers listening capabilities to create ultra-sensitive biological stethoscopes, and tuning their acoustic response to develop new imaging techniques.
