Research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges. The surface of their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum. Generating a subtle effect that scientists have used first time the ‘blue halo’. The researchers conclude that these petal nanostructures likely evolved independently many times across flowering plant species. But the same luminous outcome that increases visibility to pollinators.
Gamma rays travel beyond the limits of light
The study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team of scientists from the University of Cambridge’s departments of plant sciences, chemistry and physics. Along with colleagues from the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and the Adolphe Merkele Institute in Switzerland. By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated ‘blue halos’. Scientists were able to test the effect on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees. They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more efficiently.
Phenomenon described as Disorder
The researchers artificially recreated ‘blue halo’ nanostructures and used them as surfaces for artificial flowers. In a “flight arena” in a Cambridge lab, they tested how bumblebees responded to surfaces with and without halos. Their experiments showed that bees can perceive the difference. Finding the surfaces with halos more quickly even when both types of surfaces were colored with the same black or yellow pigment.
Meanwhile, Using rewarding sugar solution in one type of artificial flower. The bitter quinine solution in the other. The scientists found that bees could use the blue halo to learn which type of surface had the reward.
“Insect visual systems are different to human ones,” explains Edwige Moyroud, from Cambridge’s Department of Plant Sciences and the study’s lead author. “Unlike us, bees have enhanced photo receptor activity in the blue-UV parts of the spectrum.”
While the ridges and grooves on a petal surface line up next to each other “like a packet of dry spaghetti”. When analyzing different flower species the researchers discovered these striations vary greatly in height, width and spacing yet all produce a similar ‘blue halo’ effect.
In fact, even on a single petal these light-manipulating structures were found to be surprisingly irregular. This is a phenomenon physicists describe as ‘disorder’.
“We had always assumed that the disorder we saw in our petal surfaces was just an accidental by-product of life – that flowers couldn’t do any better,” said senior author Prof Beverley Glover, plant scientist and director of Cambridge’s Botanic Garden. It came as a real surprise to discover that the disorder itself is what generates the important optical signal that allows bees to find the flowers more effectively.
Major flower groups Monocots and Eudicots
Although, all flowering plants belong to the ‘angiosperm’ lineage. Researchers analyzed some of the earliest diverging plants from this group, and found no halo-producing petal ridges. However, they found several examples of halo-producing petals among the two major flower groups monocots and eudicots. These emerged during the Cretaceous period over 100 million years ago coinciding with the early evolution of flower-visiting insects, in particular nectar-sucking bees.
“Our findings suggest the petal ridges that produce ‘blue halos’ evolved many times across different flower lineages. All converging on this optical signal for pollinators,” said Glover.
In addition, species which the team found to have halo-producing petals included Oenothera stricta a type of Evening Primrose. Also Ursinia speciosa a member of the Daisy family and Hibiscus trionum known as ‘Flower-of-the-hour. Moreover, all the analyzed flowers revealed significant levels of apparent ‘disorder’ in the dimensions and spacing of their petal nanostructures.
“The huge variety of petal anatomies, combined with the disordered nanostructures. Suggest that different flowers should have different optical properties,” said Dr Silvia Vignolini, from Cambridge’s Department of Chemistry, who led the study’s physics team. “Many flowers lack the genetic and biochemical capability to manipulate pigment chemistry in the blue to ultraviolet spectrum,” said Vignolini. “The presence of these disordered photonic structures on their petals provides an alternative way to produce signals that attract insects.”
“However, we observed that all these petal structures produce a similar visual effect in the blue-to-ultraviolet wavelength region of the spectrum the blue halo.”
Unique method to control the momentum of light
The team say the findings open up new opportunities for the development of surfaces that are highly visible to pollinators. As well as exploring just how living plants control the levels of disorder on their petal surfaces.
[source: cambridge university]
